E Electrical Engineering


E3001 Signals and systems

Equivalence: E95858

Basic principles of signals and systems. Analysis of techniques in signals and continuous system techniques through time domains. Analysis of techniques in signals and continuous system techniques through frequency domain. Signal modulation principles. Introduction to analog-filter design.

Textbook:

  • Rodger E. Ziemer, Signals and Systems: Continous and Discrete, MacMillan, tercera edición, 1993.

 

E3002 Analogical integrated systems

Equivalence: E 95 863

Analysis of commonly used types of conditioning signals. Operational amplifiers: functional blocks and other important applications. Instrumentation and isolation amplifiers. Operational principles of sinusoidal oscillators and relaxation oscillators. Study of A/D, D/A, V/F and F/V conversion techniques.

Textbooks:

  • Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Saunders College Publishing, 1991. Jacob, Industrial Control Electronics- Applications and Design, Prentice Hall, 1988.

 

E3003 Microprocessors and peripherals

Equivalence: E 95 857

Study of typical architecture and operation of microprocessors and microcontrollers. Understanding instructions, language programming in models and assemblers. Interruptions and use and functions of common peripherals such as temporizators/counters and parallel/serial. Study of typical applications.

Textbook:

  • Scott MacKenzie, The 8051 Microcontroller, Mac Millan Publishing Company, 1992.

 

E4001 Computer methods in engineering

Equivalence: E 99 102

Use of the computers to solve engineering problems. Review basic concepts of UNIX and FORTRAN. Matrix properties: determinants, characteristic values and characteristic vectors, Gerschgorin theorem, symmetric matrices, positive definite matrices and perturbation theory. Direct numerical methods for the solution of linear equations: Gauss elimination, Gauss-Jordan, LU factorization. Iterative numerical methods for the solution of linear equations: Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, relaxation, and iterative refinement. Numerical methods for the solution of non-linear equations: bisection, Newton, secant, Newton-Raphson, and steepest descent. Linear regression. Interpolation: polynomial, Lagrange, Newton differences and cubic splines. Numerical integration: Euler, Simpson and Newton. Differential equations: initial conditions and boundary conditions. During the academic term, the student becomes familiar with the available computing equipment, and the use of products like the International Mathematics and Statistics Library, IMSL, and MATLAB. Every student works in a project where the numerical methods are applied.

Textbooks:

  • Burden y D. Faires Numerical Analysis (6th.. Edition, PWS Publishing Company, 1997)
  • S. J. Chapman Fortran 90/95 for Scientists and Engineers (First Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998).

 

E4002 Signal and system analysis

Equivalence: E 99 102, Ma 99 102, E 99 209

The course topics are: complex variable elements, Z transform, Fourier analysis, filters and signal distortion, spectral density and correlation, complex variable applications, special functions.

Bibliography:

  • .Simon Haykin, An introduction to analog & digital communications, Wiley.
  • E. Kamen, Introduction to signals and systems, MacMillan.
  • G. Arfken, H. Weber, Mathematical methods for physicists, Academic Press.

Professor background: Ph.D. in mathematics, electronic engineering or telecommunications engineering. Industry experience or research experience in the digital signal processing area, image processing area and applied mathematics area.

 

E4003 Digital information processing

Equivalence: E 99 155, E 99 211

The course topics are: introduction to the digital processing of medical signals and images, discrete time signal and system analysis, digital filter design, fast Fourier transform algorithms, image processing applications.

Bibliography:

  • Proakis y Manolakis, Introduction to digital signal processing, second edition, Maxwell-McMillan 1997.
  • Castleman, Digital image processing, Prentice Hall.

Professor background: Ph.D. in electronics engineering, telecommunications or computer engineering. Industry experience or research experience in the digital signal processing and image processing areas.

 

E5001 Instrumentation and data acquisition

Equivalence: E99230

T This course covers the characteristics of the processes of transduction, conditioning, signal conversion, reception, reading, processing, and display of information, description of the architecture of basic data acquisition, study of the basic characteristics and forms of transduction and measurement, such as transduction and measurement of the following: force, position, temperature, movement, and flow, electronic conditioning systems, including the following types of transformers: voltage to current; current to voltage; frequency to voltage; and voltage to frequency. In addition, study of balancing and gaining circuits, and amplifiers for instrumentation and isolation, connecting schemes to minimize noise and interference in data-acquisition systems, conversion systems for the following signals: analog-digital (A/D); digital-analog (D/A); analogous interruption and multi-canalization, sequenced and parallel communication and transmission protocols, micro-control and micro-processing systems for instrumentation and data acquisition, integrated and modulated data-acquisition systems.

Instructor Profile: PhD in Electronics, Control Engineering or areas related.

 

E5002 Advanced digital systems

Equivalence: E99246

This course covers the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each type of micro-processor. Characteristics and capabilities of the "bus" concept and "buses" standards, different types of semi-conductor memories and their applications, study of advanced concepts of structures of memory, mapping of peripherals to a micro-processor, study of peripheral circuits such as: parallel ports, temporizers- accountants, interruption controllers, DMA and others, analysis of different elements of interface with the user, such as keyboard, mouse, take-off devices, video generators, and printers, study of principles and protocols of data communications and its interfaces.

Instructor Profile: PhD in Electronics, Control Engineering or areas related.

 

E5003 Digital processing of signals

Equivalence: E99155

This course covers techniques of digital processing of signals. algorithms and structures for digital filters, techniques of digital processing of signals for filtering and isolation of data, specifically: introduction of signal analysis and systems in discrete time, Z transformed, convolution, discrete transformed of Fourier (DFT), the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Bi-lineal transformation, sampling, truncation, conversion of A-D and D-A data, use of windows, data isolation, quantification, discrete sequences, recursive and non-recursive filters, filters with special structures.

Bibliography :

  • Proakis y Manolakis, 1992. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing, Maxwell-McMillan.

Instructor Profile: PhD in Electronics, Control Engineering or areas related.

E5004 Design methodologies for digital systems

Equivalence: E 99 213, E 99 231

The course covers: modeling and simulation of combinatory and sequential circuits using hardware description languages, implementation of digital systems, technologies and structures of FPGA's, introduction to embedded processors, interface of processors with the memory subsystem (rambus, DRAM, cahés, memory of memory handling), interface of processors with the PCI bus, and methodologies of printed boards manufacturing.

Bibliography:

  • Heath, S. Embedded Systems Design.
  • Ball, S. R. Embedded Microprocessor Systems : Real World Design.

Instructor Profile:

Ph. D in Electric Engineering, Computational Engineering or related areas. The instructor must have experience on project development of applied research in design of interfaces with computers and design with embedded digital systems.

E5005 Electronic control of power

Equivalence: E99204

This course covers the areas of application of power electronics in the industry, study of characteristics of electronic components of power, analysis of the commutation process of power semi-conductors and of the operation of CA voltage controllers, study of controlled rectifiers operation, description of the function of cycle-converters, study of natural and forced commutation circuits of thyristors, analysis of the operation of converters from CD to CD, study of operation of inverters or converters of CA to CA, description of controllers of solid state of electric motors and knowledge of the schemes of speed control of CD and CA motors.

Bibliography:

  • Rashid, M.H. 1993. Power electronics : circuits, devices, and applications. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall

Instructor Profile:

Ph. D. in Electric Engineering, with a specialty in power electronics. Professional experience on industry or on research project development within power electronics, AC/DC variadores or electric machines.

 

E5006 Transmission systems

Equivalence: E99225

This course covers the most important parameters in the design of different transmission systems, concepts of digital transmission, from a common framework to different systems, such as optical communication systems, radio microwave links and satellites, analysis of the different aspects of noise considering communication channels, regenerative repeater schemes, in-line codifying, JITTER analysis and equalization.

Instructor Profile:

Ph. D. in Mathematics, Electronic Engineering or Telecommunications. Industrial experience or involvement on applied research projects in the digital processing of signals, digital processing of images and applied mathematics.

 

E5007 Microcontroller based system design

Equivalence: E 95 160

This course focuses on the characteristics, advantages and limitations of different types of commercial microcontrollers this course covers the considerations to choose a microcontroller based on the specifications of an application. The course also presents the operation of the following subsystems: CPU, serial port, parallel port, A/D conversion, D/A conversion, timers, multiply and accumulate (MAC) units, exception processing subsystem. The course also covers how to program and implement interfaces between the microcontroller and several peripherals such as: LCDs, keypads, steeping motors, D/A converters, A/D converters, I2C, por 486, etc.

Bibliography:

  • G. Jack Lipovski, Single and Multiple-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing, Academic Press, 1999
  • John B. Peatman, Design With PIC Microcontrollers, Prentice-Hall, 1998

Professor background: Ph.D. or M.S. in electrical or computer engineering. Industry experience in the implementation of microcontroller based systems.

E5008 Optical electronics devices

Equivalence: E 98 156

This course focuses on studying the operation of the optical electronic devices. The topics of the course are: elements of optical aces, optical emitters, lasers and diodes, optical detectors, modulation, integrated optics, optical sensors

Bibliography:

  • A. Yariv, Optical electronics in modern communications. Oxford.

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or physics. Industry experience or research experience in the optical electronics area or related areas

E5009 Microsystems

Equivalence: E 99 201

The objective is to introduce to the silicon Microsystems technologies and their applications. The course includes topics as: CMOS technologies, fabrication of Microsystems compatible with microelectronics, superficial and total micro machining, High Aspect Ratio technologies such as LIGA and RIE, analog functional blocks (operational amplifiers, current sources, voltage and current reference,) mixed signal components, operational amplifier architecture, commuted capacitor circuits, noise sources in analog circuits, Microsystems design for automobile, biomedical, RF and optical telecommunications applications.

Bibliography:

  • Razavi B, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2001
  • Antognetti P. and Massobrio G., Semiconductor device Modeling with SPICE, McGraw Hill, 1988
  • Mead, C. y Conway L., Introduction to VLSI Systems, Addison Wesley, 1990.
  • Hurst, S., Custom VLSI Microelectronics, Prentice Hall , 1992.
  • Ng, K., Complete guide to semiconductor devices, Mc Graw Hill, 1995.
  • Fonstad C., Microelectronic Devices and Circuits, Mc Graw Hill, 1994.
  • Franco S., Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, second edition 1998.
  • Sedra A.S., y Smith K.C., Microelectronic Circuits, Saunders College Publishing, third edition, 1991.
  • Savant S.J., Roden M.S. y Carpenter G., Electronic Design, Circuits and Systems, Second edition, Benjamin Cummings Pub. Co. 1991
  • J. Millman, Microelectronics, McGraw Hill Books Co., Second edition, 1989
  • Gray P., Meyer R., Analog Integrated Circuits, third edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
  • Soclof S., Design and Applications of Analog Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall, 1991

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or computer engineering. Industry experience or research experience in the analog electronics, VLSI, and electronics instrumentation areas.

E5010 Computer arithmetic

Equivalence: E 99 215

This course covers advanced topics in numeric systems, floating point number representation, arithmetic algorithms, design of high speed arithmetic circuits. The topics are: introduction to integer and floating point representation, IEEE floating point representation, residual arithmetic, addition and subtraction, floating point addition, floating point multiplication, floating point division, high level functions, table based approximation.

Bibliography:

  • Computer Arithmetic Algorithms, Israel Koren. Prentice Hall.
  • Computer Arithmetic Systems (Algorithms, Architecture and Implementations), Amos Omondi. Prentice Hall.

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or computer engineering. Industry experience or research experience in the digital arithmetic design area or the computer architecture area.

 

E5011 Biomedical engineering

Equivalence: E 99 227

The topics of this course include: an introduction to the biopotential origins, biopotential amplifiers, biopotential electrodes, biopotential amplifiers, blood pressure and sound, blood volume and flux measurement, respiratory system measurements, chemical biosensors, clinic laboratory.instrumentation, therapeutic and prosthetic devices, and electrical safety.

Bibliography:

  • J. G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation: applications and design, Editor

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or computer engineering. Industry experience or research experience in the biomedical engineering area or related areas.

 

E5012 Electronics instrumentation

Equivalence: E 99 230 , E 99 212

The purpose of this course is to integrate the concepts covered in the analog and digital electronics courses. The contents of this course covers the following topics: introduction to the study of data acquisition systems, conditioning systems, peripheral interfacing, data communication, integrated data acquisition systems, virtual instrumentation and graphical programming.

Bibliography:

  • Dieck Assad, Instrumentación Electrónica y Adquisición de datos (Pre-edition book) ITESM campus Monterrey.
  • Stanley Wolf, Guide to Electronic Measurement and Laboratory Practice, Prentice Hall.

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or related areas. Industry experience or research experience in the instrumentation area.

 

 

 

E5013. Digital filters

Academic department that offers it: IE

Units (CLU): 3-0-12

Requirement: none

Semester and career or graduate program where it is given:
Elective course in the following career programs: MSE-E

Equivalence: None

General aim of the course:
This course focuses on the analysis and design of optimal filters with applications in noise cancellation, system identification, equalization, spectral estimation, speech analysis, beamforming and echo cancellation. At the conclusion of the course, the student will have powerful tools to understand and analyze complex digital signal processing algorithms and systems.


Campus that requests it: Monterrey

Bibliography:

1) Charles W. Therrien, “Discrete random signals and statistical signal processing”,
Prentice Hall.

2) Simon Haykin, “Adaptive Filter Theory”, Prentice Hall.

3) Gene H. Golub, C. F. Van Loan, “Matrix Computations“, Johns Hopkins University Press.

4) J. G. Proakis, D. Manolakis, “Digital signal processing: principles, algorithms and applications“, Prentice Hall.


Instructor's profile: Professor with Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering

Language of Instruction: Spanish

E5014 Electrical machine control

Equivalence: E 99 239

The course objective is to study the basic principles for controlling electric machinery. Study the stable state behavior and dynamic state behavior of the electric motors. Investigate the different techniques for controlling speed, applying criteria for optimization of control systems, designing and implementing control systems with feedback.

Bibliography:

  • Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery, Chee-Mun Ong, Prentice Hall.
  • Power Electronics, Joseph Vithayathil, McGraw-Hill.

Professor background: Ph.D. or M.S. in electrical engineering. Industry experience or research experience in the area of power electronics.

 

E5015 Communications and optical networks

Equivalence: E 99 241

This course focuses on studying the information transmission capacity of the optical fibers considering the characteristics of both optical devices and transmission environment. The course also focuses on the performance analysis of the optical systems for digital transmission with direct modulation considering the Poisson noise and its gaussian approximation. Coherent optical systems such as ASK, PSK and PSK are also analyzed. Other topics covered are: Optical networks based on DWDM including the SONET/SDH and IP protocols, modeling photodetector and lasers noise, quantifying the error probability for direct detection systems, quantifying the error probability in coherent detection systems, studying the WDM and DWDM techniques, designing optical networks and studying optical communication protocols such as: SDH and IP on DWDM.

Bibliography:

  • Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, McGraw-Hill.
  • Leonid Kazovsky, Sergio Benedetto y Allan Willner, Optical Fiber Communication Systems, Artech House, 1996

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering, physics or telecommunications. Industry experience or research experience in the optics area or the telecommunications area or other related areas.

E5016 Selected topics

Equivalence: E 99 290

This purpose of this course is to keep students updated on their areas of specialization.

Professor background: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or computer engineering or physics. Industry experience or research experience in the area of specialization selected by the student

 

 

E5017. CMOS Analog microelectronics

Academic department:IE
Units:3-0-12
Requirement: None
Semester and career:Elective course of the Graduates Programs in Electronics and Mechatronics.
Equivalence:None

General aim of the course:The purpose of this course is to enable the student to model, analyze and design analog integrated circuits using CMOS technologies. At the conclusion of the course, the student should be able to successfully perform the electrical and physical design of operational amplifiers and other important analog building blocks.
Campus:Monterrey
Bibliography:P. E. Allen, D. R. Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design, Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2002. (textbook)

B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2001.

D. A. Johns, K. Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

P. R. Gray, R. G. Meyer, P. J. Hurst, S. H. Lewis, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition, 2001.

Instructor's profile:Professor with Ph.D. in Electronics.
Language of Instruction:Spanish

 

E5038. Spectral estimation

Academic department: Electrical Engineering Department
Units: 3-0-12
Requirement: None
Semester and career: Elective course in the following career programs: MSE-E
Equivalence: None

General aim of the course: This course focuses on the spectral estimation of a finite noisy and random data set . The goal is to provide the student with a complete perspective of spectral estimation techniques and their implementation. The course also introduces the important concept of array processing and its applications in direction and time of arrival estimation of a signal and spatial filtering. The methods and algorithms learned in this course have applications in diverse areas such as wireless communications, smart antennas, sensor networks, biomedical engineering, radar, geophysics, speech analysis and radiolocalization.

Campus: Seleccionar Campus

Bibliography: 1)Petre Stoica, Randolph L. Moses, "Introduction to Spectral Analysis", Prentice Hall

2)Steven M. Kay, "Modern Spectral Estimation: Theory and Application", Prentice Hall


Instructor's profile: Professor with Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering
Language of Instruction: Spanish

E5048. Probability and stochastic processes

3 0 12
Fundamental concepts of the probability theory and stochastic processes are studied. Applications on statistical theory of communications, traffic theory, performance analysis of communication systems, spectral analysis of random signals and noise, synchronization and system reliability are introduced. Fundamentals of continuous-time and discrete-time random processes are studied and applied to communications engineering problems.
Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering, telecommunications, or mathematics.

Referencias Bibliográficas
Leon-García, A., Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1994
Ross, Sheldon, Introduction to Probability Models, 6th edition, Academic Press, 1997.

E5049.Performance analysis of communication networks

3 0 12

Communication networks are a fundamental part of the development of a region or a country. Their evolution, service demand growth and the new applications have brought about new challenges that need analysis, evaluation and solution. In this course, mathematical tools are provided to analyze capacity expansion problems, priority management, Quality of Service (QoS), users’ mobility, multiple access, etc. Modeling strategies are studied such as the Kleinrock independence assumption, Little’s theorem, and Jackson networks. The concepts will be applied to evaluate performance of protocols such as TCP/IP. The theory is also applied to traffic analysis in order to quantify its behavior and characteristics such as self-similarity, long-range dependence, etc.
Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering, telecommunications, or mathematics with publications in performance analysis.

Referencias bibliográficas:
Dimitri Bertsekas y Robert G. Gallager, Data Networks, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-13-200916-1
Stallings, William, High Speed Networks: TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles, Prentice-Hall, 1998 ISBN 0-13-525965-7
Cinlar, E. Introduction to Stochastic Processes, Prentice Hall, 1975. ISBN 0-13-498089

E5050.Communications principles

3 0 12
Theoretical aspects of communications. Fundamentals of estimation, optimal detection and maximum likelihood, in order to establish limits on the performance of a digital communications system as well as analog. Information sources are modeled and the efficient coding limits are established together with the concept of channel capacity.

Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or telecommunications.

E5051.Personal communication networks

3 0 12
Fundamental engineering issues of mobile and fixed personal communication systems and networks. The cellular concept. The mobile radio channel and its impairments (Doppler shift, shadowing, fading, etc.), signal propagation models (free space, two ray, Hata), modulation and coding for wireless channels, multiple access techniques (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Aloha) and spread spectrum (FH and DS). Standards such as AMPS, IS-54, IS-136, GSM, IS-95, IMT-2000. Evolution from 1G towards 3G. New trends such as Multi-user detection, muticarrier modulation and multicode transmission are also analyzed.

Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or telecommunications.

Referencias bibliográficas:
Rappaport, Theodore S., Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 2002
Garg, Vijay K, Wireless Network Evolution: 2G to 3G, Prentice Hall, 2001
Jhong S. Lee and Leonard Miller, CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook, Artech House, 1998

E5052. Routing and flow control

3 0 12
Fundamental issues of routing schemes in circuit-switched, packet-switched, Internet, wireless ad-hoc and optical networks. Analytical and stochastical evaluation of routing schemes, protocols and their evolution, trends and open issues. Broad classes of routing schemes such as fixed and hierarchical, adaptive and non-hierarchical, BGP, OSPF, MPLS, RSVP. Differentiated services in the Internet. Ad-Hoc protocols such as AODV, DSR and ZRP. Trends such as active networks are discussed.

Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or telecommunications.

Referencias bibliográficas:
André Girard, Routing and Dimensioning in Circuit Switched Networks, Addison Wesley, 1990
John T. Moy, OSPF Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol, Addison Wesley, 1998
Christian Huitema, Routing in the Internet, Prentice Hall, 2nd ed., 2000

E5053. Telecommunication networks: control and management

3 0 12
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) for network is studied. Functions and techniques used in the Data Link Layer are introduced and analyzed such as error correcting codes, framing techniques, Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and multiple access protocols. Fundamentals of queueing theory and Markov chains are studied, and their application to analyze networks such as Ethernet, token ring, FDDI and Internet are discussed. Introduction to Protocols TCP/IP.

Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or telecommunications.

Referencias bibliográficas:
Dimitri Bertsekas y Robert G. Gallager, Data Networks, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 1992. ISBN 0-13-200916-1
Leon-García, A., and Indra Widjaja, Communication Networks, Mc Graw Hill, 2000.
Stallings, William, High Speed Networks: TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles, Prentice-Hall, 1998 ISBN 0-13-525965-7

E5054. Information theory and coding

3 0 12
The mathematical theory of communications divide in two parts the optimal transfer of information, these are the use of source coding to use efficiently the communication channel and the detection and correction of errors by coding techniques. This course presents an introduction to the classical theory of information and its role in the development of models for modern applications in communication systems. The course is based on the traditional concepts of Claude E. Shannon. It also establishes the fundamentals to study satellite, wireless and personal communications applications, as well as signal compression algorithms. The course explores coding methods such as Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) and Turbo codes. Concepts such as entropy, coding limits, block coding, convolutional coding, BCH, Reed-Solomon, Viterbi algorithm, Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) and Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) will be studied throughout the course. It will also be introduced the concepts of security and cryptography.
Instructor Profile: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or telecommunications

Referencias bibliográficas:
Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory, John Wiley & Sons, 1991
Richard B. Wells, Applied Coding and Information Theory for Engineers, Prentice Hall, 1999.


E5055. Intelligent Telephone Systems

3 0 12
Switching and digital transmission principles applied to private and public telephone networks. Traffic theory is introduced and studied; multiplexing and the hierarchy in the telephone network are also covered. Integration of voice and data in high speed networks is analyzed in the context of ISDN and BISDN. Common channel signaling concepts (SS7), xDSL technologies for the local loop, VoIP services and the concept of Intelligent Network (IN) are also discussed.
Perfil del profesor: Ph.D. in electrical engineering or telecommunications.

Referencias bibliográficas:
John C. Bellamy, Digital Telephony, Wiley Interscience, 2000. ISBN: 0-471-34571-7
Keshav, S., An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet and the Telephone Network, Addison Wesley, 1997, ISBN: 0-201-63442-2. (Capítulo 8 Switching, pp. 159-207)


Fecha de la última actualización: 03 de febrero de 2005(M)